AlphaGo
Zero, a board game playing program based on AI, devised by Google’s AI division
Deep Mind, took just three days to master Go, an ancient Chinese board game, without
any human intervention. All it had were the rules of the game and a blank Go
board to begin with. It then played itself over and over again till it mastered
this complex game. This final version of the Go-playing program from Deep Mind
is the most powerful AI so far. This year on May 25th, Ke Jie, the world’s
number one player of the complex strategy game, lost to AlphaGo Zero three out
of three games. Last year the 2015 version of the same program defeated Lee
Sedol, the South Korean grandmaster, 100 to 0.
History of Go dates
back to around 3000 years ago in China. The game is played using black and
white pieces and opponents try to win the game by surrounding their opponent’s
piece with their own. The rules of the game are simpler than those of chess,
but the number of choices a Go player has in his turn are about 200 compared to
just 20 in the chess. It’s also very difficult to tell, at a particular stage of
the game, that who is winning, the top players rely on instinct. Go maintains
fluidity and dynamism much longer than other comparable board games. Draws are
rare. There is no defined procedure for victory only continued good play. The
game rewards patience and balance over aggression and greed, remember that
scene from “A Beautiful Mind”? An early mistake can be made up, used to
advantage, or even reversed as the game progresses. To its devotees, Go is more
than just a game. To them it can be an analogy for life, an intense meditation,
a mirror of one’s personality, a mental workout or when played well a delicate
balance between black and white pieces dancing around the board.
Demis
Hassabis, the CEO and co-founder of the Deep Mind, has a team which includes people
like a Dutch Physics Olympiad winner, the person who got the top Maths PhD of the
year in France and the man leading them all, David Silver who has contributed
to more research papers (16 by now) than any of the other team members.
AlphaGo
isn’t the first program to learn from self-play. Elon Musk’s non-profit OpenAI
has used similar techniques, but AlphaGo’s capabilities show that it’s the most
powerful AI so far. “By not using the human data, by not using human features
or human expertise in any fashion, we’ve actually removed the constraints of
human knowledge” said David Silver. ”It’s able to create knowledge for itself”. That is exactly what it did. It not only rediscovered thousands of years of human knowledge like the some of the most common and best moves that humans play but also surpassed them by playing its own variants which human have yet not discovered. Remember, all of this, in just three days. But AlphaGo was never about winning board games. It is a step closer for general purpose learning machines. Imagine if instead of discovering new Go moves, the algorithm could able to learn the interactions between proteins in human body to further scientific research or use the laws of physics to create new building materials. “Quantum chemistry, material design, maybe there is a room temperature superconductor out and about there” said Hassabis.
But
it’s not a fairytale. AlphaGo team says that they were unable to figure out
exactly how powerful is AlphaGo Zero. When Lee Sedol was asked to play against
the program, he believed that he would defeat the program by 5-0 or 4-1 at the
least. He lost the tournament by 4-1. It was saddening to see his face after
the defeat in a tournament which was hyped as Machine vs. Humans. He put up his
best resistance and brought all that he had learned in his lifetime on the
table. He played some beautiful moves. The engineers at Deep Mind are amongst
the best in the world, and building a board game can’t keep them satisfied for
too long. In a shocking public reproach to his friends and techies Elon Musk
warned that they could be creating the means of their own destruction. Know
that AI is already in our daily lives. Facebook uses AI for targeted
advertising, photo tagging, and curated news feed. Microsoft and Apple use AI
to power their digital assistants Cortana and Siri. One of the Hassabis’s
partners in Deep Mind clearly said “I think human extinction would probably occur
and technology will likely take a part in this.” “Once the AI achieves an
average human IQ of 100, the next step would be an IQ of 500 and then 5000 and
we don’t have the vaguest idea what an IQ of 5000 would mean” quoted an article
in Wall Street Journal. The only comforting thing is that AlphaGo is not
programming itself, not now at least.
In game
four, Lee Sedol the human, played a move that no machine would ever expect and
it was beautiful, as beautiful as from the Google machine itself. It looked as
if Lee Sedol grew as a player while playing with the machine. He himself
admitted this, and told Hassabis that it has opened his eyes. The proponents of
AI say that the game is not AI vs. Humans but AI and Humans. We will grow with
the help of our own creations. There are countless possibilities, analyzing
stocks, managing energy use, discovering new drugs. The message is to be awed
and not afraid because no matter how intelligent the computers get we will
always be more creative. After all, we build the machines.
Major portion of China's GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) comes from the manufacturing sector and that is why China is
one of those countries which are going to benefit most due to AI. Challenging
U.S dominance in the AI sector, Beijing has presented its plan to become the
world-leader in AI by 2025. It released a national artificial intelligence (AI)
development plan. China expects its core AI industries to exceed a value of
$22.15 billion in 2020 and $59.07 billion in 2025. China's State Council said
in a notice that it will encourage cross-border cooperation as part of the
strategy. US is concerned over the increased amounts of investment of China in
its AI sector fearing China could access technology of strategic military
importance. Moreover China is following a similar national AI development plan
released by the US in October last year. China is aiming to catch up with the
global leaders by getting rid of issues like lack of high-end computer chips
and equipment, software and trained personnel. It plans to strengthen links
between private firms, research bodies and military bodies to promote mutual
development in AI. Top Chinese firms like Baidu Inc. (also known as China's
Google) and Tencent Holdings Ltd. have established research bases in the US.
China has begun investing heavily in artificial intelligence technology.
At the opening ceremony of the 17th
Congress of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014, President Xi Jinping
called for innovation and breakthroughs in science and technology, including
AI. Following 2014, there have been a series of national economic initiatives
which includes the 13th Five Year Plan (March 2015), Made in China 2025 (May
2016), Robotics Industry Development Plan (April 2016), and Three-year Guidance
for Internet Plus Artificial Intelligence Plan (May 2016), which provided
guidelines to boost AI R&D. China’s top economic planner, the National
Development and Research Commission (NDRC), announced that it would create an
AI market worth more than US$15.26 billion by 2018. In 2016, a report by White
house indicated that the number of academic research papers published in China
in the field of deep learning exceeded the number published by U.S.
researchers. Another study reported that Chinese patent applications in the
segment of AI grew to 8,410 between 2010 and 2014, a 186 percent increase from
the previous five-year period. Scientists refer AI as the core of the next wave
of industrialization and China realizes that. 
According to a report, this technology will
contribute as much as $15.7 trillion to output by 2030, that's more than the
current combined output of China and India. China is looking to compete with US
market leaders such as Alphabet Inc's Google and Microsoft Corp. Another report
estimated that AI could increase China’s annual growth rate by 1.6 percentage
point to 7.9 percent by 2035 in terms of gross value added. 
US hightened its scrutiny over China's investment in Silicon Valley as it
fears that is vital for its National security. It is worried that China
could use this cutting edge technology to increase its military capabilities
and further push strategic industries. A Pentagon report warns that China is
gaining access to sensitive technology. China is viewing this as the fourth
industrial revolution and trying to build a very strong ecosystem around it.
Amid warnings of the economic disruption
that robots and automation could unleash on the world economy as traditional
roles disappear, researchers are finding that new technologies will help fuel
global growth as productivity and consumption soar. AI will contribute as much
as $15.7 trillion to the world economy by 2030. Global GDP, which stood at
about $74 trillion in 2015, will be 14 percent higher in 2030 as a result of
AI. Albeit the benefits against risks and costs of the AI technology are
discussed, China has made it clear that it is getting ready to bring and be a
part of the transformational changes that AI promises. 
