Two common approaches of it are-:
1) Top to Bottom in this approach the attempt is towards miniaturization but law of physics do not allow the reduce in size beyond a certain level.
2) Bottom to Top in this approach the products are filled molecule bu molecule or atom by atom. It represents nanotechnology in true sense.
Nanotechnology is highly inter-disciplinary in nature that is why it is described as future renaissance because it will bring about the convergence of highly diversified disciplines like mathematics,physics,chemistry,biotechnology,computer science,etc. It is represented in the form of NBIC (NnaoTech BioTech Info Communication) example is DNA computing. It is one of the fourth pillars of 4th Industrial Revolution.
One more classification of nanotechnology is of following type-:
1) Wet approach - The objective is to make nano products perform inside the cell. Example drug delievery,gene transfeetion,etc.
2) Dry nanotechnolgy - In this the focus is on developing nano chips and other nano electronic products.
Applications-
1) Carbon nano tubes discovered by Sunio Ijima, they are cylindrical structures obtained from graphene. They are also conductor of heat and electricity. In carbon nano tubes the electrons move around the circumference and are emitted by using very low voltage, therefore they are also known as ballistic conductors. Due to there low weight to strength ratio it is used in making satellites,aircrafts, space crafts,etc.
2) Conductivity of nanotubes changes as soon as they come in contact with some other substance based on this feature carbon nano sensors have been developed to detect the presence of biological and chemical weapons.
3) Nano medicine the application of nanotechnology in field of the medicines to produce precise solutions for disease preventions,diagonsis and treatment. Use of gold nano particles in treatment of cancer and detection of targeted squences of nucleic acids,etc.
4) It has greatly contributed to major advances in computing and electronics, leading to faster,smaller and more portable systems that can store and manage large amount of information for example transistors.
5) Nanotechnology could help meet the need for affordable, clean drinking water through rapid,low cost detection and treatment of impurities of water. They can convert oceanic water into soft, potable drinking water.
The need of the hour is the research to be promoted so that country is ready to yeild the profit of 4th Industrial Revolution but at the same time there should be proper regular framework to avoid the negative impacts and prevent misuses.
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