What does ISRO actually mean?


Indian Space Research Organisation established on 15 august,1969 is a space agency located in Bangalore,Karnataka.It is run by government of India.It's main aim is planetary exploration and space science research and development.Firstly known as the Indian National Committee For Space Research(INCOSPAR) established in 1962 by the first prime minister of India,Jawaharlal Nehru and his close friend scientist Vikram Sarabhai.It is managed by Department of science and directly repots to prime minister of republic of India.

ORGANISATION FACILITIES

The adminstrator of ISRO is A.S. Kiran Kumar(chairman).ISRO is managed by the Department of Science (DoS) of the Government of India.DoS itself falls under the authority of the Prime Minister and the Space Commission,and manages the following agencies and institutes.

Indian Space Research Organisation

*Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
*Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre(LPSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
*Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR), Sriharikota.
*ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri.
*ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore.
*Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad.
*National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
*ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram.
*Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Ahmedabad.
*Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan, Karnataka.
*ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bangalore.
*Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems(LEOS), Bangalore.
*Indian Institute of Remote Sensing(IIRS), Dehradun.
*Antrix Corporation – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bangalore.
*Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
*National Atmospheric Research Laboratory(NARL), Gadanki, Andhra pradesh.
*North-Eastern Space Applications Centre[23] (NE-SAC), Umiam.
*Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali.
*Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), *Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university.

ISRO FIRST PROJECTS

ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata,which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975.It was named after the Mathematician Aryabhata.In 1980,Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle,SLV-3.ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets:the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits.These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and earth observation satellites. Satellite navigation systems like GAGAN and IRNSS have been deployed.
 
MAJOR RECORDBREAKS:

1:- ISRO sent one lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, on 22 October 2008   one Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission,which successfully entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014,making India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt ISRO sent one lunar orbiter.

2:- ISRO the fourth space agency in the world as well as the first space agency in Asia to successfully reach Mars orbit.

3:- On 18 June 2016 ISRO successfully set a record with a launch of 20 satellites in a single payload, one being a satellite from Google.
4:- On 15 February 2017,ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket (PSLV-C37) and created a world record.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

The major key goal of ISRO is to develop a space technology for national security and its application.Under the guidance of father of Indian  space research programme ,Vikram Sarabhai ,the main vision leads to the development of country.India has already made a contributary step for greater self-realiance in space technology and harness it.ISRO has successfully put into operation two major satellite systems:Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.
In July 2012, the former President, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam said that research was being done by ISRO and DRDO for developing cost reduction technologies for access to space. Future plans include the development of ULV, development of a reusable launch vehicle, human spaceflight, controlled soft lunar landing, interplanetary probes, and a solar spacecraft mission.

LAUNCHED VEHICLES:-

                SLV.             ASLV.           PSLV.            GSLV.                    GSLV MK.III
 
In the late 70’s India started launching its own satellite vehicle programs considering its geopolitical and economic conditions.The country successfully developed sounding rocket programme and by 80’s research had yielded satellite launch vehicle and more advanced Augmented satellite launch vehicle.

1: Satellite launch vehicle: Usually known by its abbreviations as SLV or SLV-3 was a 4 stage solid propellant  launch vehicle intended to reach height of 500km with payload of 40 kg.

2:- Augmented satellite launch vehicle(ASLV): is a 5  stage rocket propellant with a capacity of placing 150 kg satellite in low earth orbit.

3:-Polar satellite launch vehicle(PSLV): developed by India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) into synchronous orbits and also used to launch small satellites.

4:-Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV):developed to enable India launch INSAT satellite and become less dependent on foreign rockets
.
Application:-

1: Telecommunications: The  INSAT-2 satellites also provide telephone links to remote areas; data transmission for organisations such as the National Stock Exchange; mobile satellite service communications for private operators, railways, and road transport; and broadcast satellite services, used by India's state-owned television agency as well as commercial television channels.

2:Resource management:- These include environmental monitoring, analysing soil erosion and the impact of soil conservation measures, forestry management, determining land cover for wildlife sanctuaries, delineating groundwater potential zones, flood inundation mapping, drought monitoring, estimating crop acreage and deriving agricultural production estimates, fisheries monitoring, mining and geological applications such as surveying metal and mineral deposits, and urban planning.

3:-Academic : India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2400 villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via ATS-6 technology developed by NASA.

4:- Biodiversity Information System: Hot spot regions, namely northeastern India, Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are surveyed . This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO.

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